My Own Interpretation Of Relational Modernity - 904 Words

Simon defines relational modernity as being, â€Å"offered to describe expectations for modern-day relationships† (11). From his description, I then formulated my own interpretation of relational modernity. In the criminal justice system, a lot of studies have shown significant relationships between criminal behavior and the way in which one was raised during childhood. In terms of general morals, a lot of who a person turns out to be in adulthood, is due to their childhood and the way in which they were raised. A concept that Simon talked a lot about was the importance of relationships and child raising. He mentioned that the majority of the people he interviewed in prison lacked the relationship qualities of: trust, empathy, and identification. When forming relationships, trust is essential, because it deepens the relationship and allows the friendship to grow. Empathy is also very important, because in order to form healthy relationships, it is important to not be selfish a nd to be there for friends when they need it. In forming relationships, one tends to find their identification due to a personality emerging. In social interactions, forming relationships, people become comfortable with one another and are able to discover who they are as a person. The children that lacked those elements also tended to lack adult support. Both of these factors influence the reason as to how these people ended up in prison. A few of the other important elements of relational modernity thatShow MoreRelatedIn My Younger More Vulnerable Years, I Often Thought About1490 Words   |  6 PagesIn my younger more vulnerable years, I often thought about killing myself. I don’t think it was because I felt depressed, alone, and bitter regarding my existence; I attribute it instead to an impulsive curiosity, best characterized by the little voice that always seems to say with a shrug: ‘I just want to see what happens...’ Now obviously, I didn’t listen, but the question never truly went away; I think it’s important to have a healthy obsession with the afterlife. Despite the difficulty ofRead MoreDoes Film Play An Important Role On The Way People Understand Religious Concepts?3925 Words   |  16 Pagesagendas, to educate, and to present life as it is, was, or could be. They can present truth, truth as they interpret it, or simply ignore truth altogether. A movie can be a work o f fiction, non-fiction, or anything in-between. A film is an artist’s interpretation. What one takes away from a film depends upon how one interprets what has been seen and heard. Understanding film is indeed complex. Understanding religion is also complex. India is indeed a melting pot when it comes to expressing what one believesRead MoreGender Imbalance Of Primary Schools : An Exploration Of Different Social Theories Essay4262 Words   |  18 Pagesreasons, theories and research literature as to why male teachers are so outnumbered in primary classrooms worldwide. 5.0 Biographical Information – Michael Hinds I began my teaching career in 1999 after graduating from Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand. I have taught using five curricula across four countries. My current post is at The International School of Azerbaijan (TISA) where I work as a Grade Five Teacher in collaboration with the administration team as the school’s upper primaryRead MoreSymbolic Interactionism George Simmel Jacqueline Low10230 Words   |  41 Pagesmoralism, German idealism, pragmatism, . . . functional psychology† (Reynolds 2003b:39), â€Å"Southern Comptean† assumptions (Lyman and Vidich 2000:10), and, reaching even farther back, ancient Greek philosophy (Prus 2003, 2004)—but rarely, and curiously to my mind, Simmelian formalism. With the noted exception of the arguments made by Rock (1979); the assertions of Prus (1996)1 and some members of the Iowa school (Katovich, Miller, and Stewart 2003), most notably Couch (1989); in addition to passing referenceRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity9485 Words   |  38 Pageswas threatening and potentially embarrassing and for those reasons needs to be reclaimed. Sarah Coakley, God, Sexuality and the Self: An Essay on the Trinity (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2013). pp. 266-300. In her chapter â€Å"Batter My Heart: Reorientations of Classic Trinitarian Thought,† Coakley digs deeper into Gregory of Nyssa and Augustine (as representatives from the East and West) to accomplish several goals: first, to see how gender and sex were much more entangled in patristicRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesknowledge to bear on policy issues and providing a cadre of people who can operate effectively in this policy sphere. Michael Bromwich has certainly contributed in this way, advising accounting and competition regulators on complex issues and providing his own intellectual authority to the office of President of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. One senses, however, that the British academic accounting community may be less able to fulfil these roles in the coming years. In part this reflectsRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of workRead MoreThree Waves of Variation Study14802 Words   |  60 Pagesincreasing evidence (Sankoff 2006) that speakers patterns of phonetic variation can continue to change throughout their lifetime – both becoming more conservative and more innovative. The life span is increasingly seen as involving life stages with their own sociolinguistic dynamics. Balancing these observations with the obvious validity of some form of the apparent time hypothesis requires examination of language dynamics with a focus on the social significance of age and life stages in different segments

Juvenile Delinquency And Its Effects On The Development Of...

Abusive, neglectful, and dysfunctional families are often a part of the background of juvenile homicide offenders. While not the case for all, juveniles convicted of homicide more frequently have criminally violent family members (Darby, Allan, Kashani, Hartke, Reid, 1998) in addition to parental absence. Compared to nonviolent youths, juvenile homicide offenders are twice as likely to have suffered physical abuse at the hands of family members (Darby et al., 1998). When juveniles experience abuse and neglect, they are at risk of developing attachment disorders (Heide McCurdy, 2010). This type of disorder hinders the juvenile s ability to empathize with others, which in turn makes it easier for them to disassociate themselves from any violent acts they may commit. Abuse seems to have the strongest influence on juveniles when it comes to homicide. Not only is it a strong motivation to kill, abuse and neglect that occurs early in life has been found to adversely affect the development of an individual s brain. Specifically, abuse can affect the prefrontal cortex, which is the part of the brain [that] is responsible for higher functions such as deliberation, judgment, and decision making (Heide McCurdy, 2010). Any abuse juveniles may have suffered by family members makes it questionable whether they are able to regulate their emotions. This developmental delay contributes to the likelihood that juveniles will be unable to employ the higher brain functionsShow MoreRelatedWhy Marijuana Is The Common Juvenile Crime Performed By The Youth1525 Words   |  7 Pages Based on the report of Global Youth Justice Organization, the misuse of marijuana is the common juvenile crime performed by the youth. Marijuana abuse was ranked to be #6 in their lis t. Teens are being involved to marijuana use for diverse reasons and this includes poor supervision and communication of parents, family problems, lack of self- discipline, lack of discipline from parents or guardians, and family history of marijuana or drug abuse. Other risk factors would be physical and sexual abuseRead MoreAdolescent Crime a Result of Socioeconomic Instabilities 1271 Words   |  6 Pagesplaced a great deal of pressure on the juvenile justice system. Pressure associated with increased levels of crime gears conservative believers in social responsibility to implement harsher punishments as an avenue for social protection. Conversely, liberally-minded individuals gravitate toward the social problems perspective, believing that rehabilitation is the only method adequate to protect society. Inherent in the controversial topic of trying juveniles as adults is an increased responsibilityRead MoreCause And Effects Of Juvenile Delinquency1458 Words   |  6 PagesJuven ile crime is an increasing concern, in which numerous theorist continue to assert the probable causes and effects of juvenile delinquency (peaking during teenage phase 15-19) and its increasing provocations into adulthood (declining during the early twenties 40-60%) (National Institute of Justice, 2014). Offenders that were severely delinquent and violent during early youth (below age twelve) posed a higher probability of continuity of offending into the adult phase, in which a Pittsburgh YouthRead MoreChild Maltreatment : A Historical Perspective1574 Words   |  7 Pagesintelligence, emotions, and personality (National Institution, 2011). When these experiences are predominantly negative, the stage is set for emotional, developmental, and behavioral problems that persist throughout life. Studies have shown that the brains of children who have experienced long-lasting abuse and neglect remain in a state of hyper-arousal or anticipation of forthcoming danger. This hyper-arousal may affect learning and the ability to form emotional bonds with others (National InstitutionRead MoreCriminology / Life Course Theory1260 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction to it. One of the theories that one can study through Criminology is the Life Course Theory, which is a perspective that focuses on the deve lopment of antisocial behavior, risk factors at different ages, and the effect of life events on individual development. (Fuller: Pg 140.) This refers to a multidisciplinary paradigm for the study of people s lives, structural contexts, and social change in which they find what are the causes and factors that go into the birth of criminal actions. Read MoreJuveniles Getting Adult Jail Sentences: A Persuasive Essay1526 Words   |  6 PagesJuveniles getting Adult Jail Sentences Should juveniles get adult jail sentences? In todays society juvenile offenders are facing the law to full force, in two court systems. Not only are they tried in the juvenile justice system, but also charged as adults. The issue of charging juveniles as adults has stirred various views owing to the violent crimes committed by the young offenders. Politicians comment that the best solution is to lock up juvenile offenders for a long time and ignore rehabilitationRead MoreTeens And The Contrivenation Program In The Juvenile Justice System1138 Words   |  5 Pagesto it. Diversion programs for juveniles should be separate from juveniles who need support to fix a drug addiction problem. Both the community based programs and the diversion programs would be better alternatives for juveniles who have the possibility of being waived to adult court. Community based programs help teach the juvenile the harm they have caused to other people, and diversion incorporates the idea of the community’s coming together to help the juvenile as well as implementing restitutionRead MoreAdult Delinquency : Adolescent Delinquency3293 Words   |  14 PagesRunning Head: ADOLESCENT DELIQUENCY 1 Adolescent Delinquency Amanda Wallin CSUF ADOLESCENT DELIQUENCY 2 Adolescent Delinquency Adolescence is known as a time for discovering oneself, a time where a child transitions into adulthood. Erikson says that this time is when adolescents can find their own identity by sorting through the traditions of their families and cultures they grow up in. This can be a time of discoveryRead MoreEffects of Child Abuse on Juvenile Delinquency4283 Words   |  18 PagesThe Effects of Child Abuse on Juvenile Delinquency Tyshenia Gavin Virginia State University Dr. Hodgson Abstract This literature review explores existing literature and scholarship that outlines the effects of early child abuse (2-8 years old) on future acts of delinquency. Literature suggests that a correlation exists between the effects of child abuse and delinquency. Common problematic behaviors are socialization changes and learning abilities fromRead MoreSome Facts about Juvenile Delinquency Essay3326 Words   |  14 PagesJohn Doe, who has been recommended from a group home where other juvenile delinquents are living, is an unmanageable thirteen years old boy. In the past weeks, John Doe committed a great variety of delinquent activities: thefts, vandalism, bully, and trying to kill his mother. John Doe ´s mother states that he was manageable when his father, who committed domestic violence against her, was in home. When John Doe was eight years old, his delinquent behavior started by stole a cassette player in an

Definition of down syndrome Essay Example For Students

Definition of down syndrome Essay Down syndrome is the most common and readily identifiable chromosomal condition associated with mental retardation. It is caused by a chromosomal abnormality: for some unexplained reason, an accident in cell development results in 47 instead of the usual 46 chromosomes. This extra chromosome changes the orderly development of the body and brain. In most cases, the diagnosis of Down syndrome is made according to results from a chromosome test administered shortly after birth. Approximately 4,000 children with Down syndrome are born in the U. S. each year, or about 1 in every 800 to 1,000 live births. Although parents of any age may have child with Down syndrome, the incidence is higher for women over 35. Most common forms of the syndrome do not usually occur more than once in a family. There are over 50 clinical signs of Down syndrome, but it is rare to find all or even most of them in one person. Some common characteristics include: Slanting eyes with folds of skin at the inner corners (called epicanthal folds); Hyperflexibility (excessive ability to extend the joints); Short, broad hands with a single crease across the palm on one or both hands; Short, high-pitched cries in infancy. Individuals with Down syndrome are usually smaller than their non-disabled peers, and their physical as well as intellectual development is slower. Besides having a distinct physical appearance, children with Down syndrome frequently have specific health-related problems. A lowered resistance to infection makes these children more prone to respiratory problems. Visual problems such as crossed eyes and far- or nearsightedness are higher in those with Down syndrome, as are mild to moderate hearing loss and speech difficulty. Approximately one third of babies born with Down syndrome have heart defects, most of which are now successfully correctable. Some individuals are born with gastrointestinal tract problems that can be surgically corrected. Some people with Down syndrome also may have a condition known as Atlantoaxial Instability, a misalignment of the top two vertebrae of the neck. This condition makes these individuals more prone to injury if they participate in activities which overextend or flex the neck. Parents are urged to have their child examined by a physician to determine whether or not their child should be restricted from sports and activities which place stress on the neck. Although this misalignment is a potentially serious condition, proper diagnosis can help prevent serious injury. Children with Down syndrome may have a tendency to become obese as they grow older. Besides having negative social implications, this weight gain threatens these individuals health and longevity. A supervised diet and exercise program may help reduce this problem. EDUCATIONAL AND EMPLOYMENT IMPLICATIONS Shortly after a diagnoses of Down syndrome is confirmed, parents should be encouraged to enroll their child in an infant development/early intervention program. These programs offer parents special instruction in teaching their child language, cognitive, self-help, and social skills, and specific exercises for gross and fine motor development. Research has shown that stimulation during early developmental stages improves the childs chances of developing to his or her fullest potential. Continuing education, positive public attitudes, and a stimulating home environment have also been found to promote the childs overall development. Just as in the normal population, there is a wide variation in mental abilities, behavior, and developmental progress in individuals with Down syndrome. Their level of retardation may range from mild to severe, with the majority functioning in the mild to moderate range. Due to these individual differences, it is impossible to predict future achievements of children with Down syndrome. Because of the range of ability in children with Down syndrome it is important for families and all members of the schools education team to place few limitations on potential capabilities. It may be effective to emphasize concrete concepts rather than abstract ideas. Teaching tasks in a step-by-step manner with frequent reinforcement and consistent feedback has been proven successful. Improved public acceptance of persons with disabilities along with increased opportunities for adults with disabilities to live and work independently in the community, have expanded goals for individuals with Down syndrome. .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .postImageUrl , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:hover , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:visited , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:active { border:0!important; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:active , .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115 .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8611574c30b38e4ea9e93fe69cb96115:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Skill related fitness Essay Independent Living Centers, group shared and supervised apartments and support services in the community have proven to be important resources for persons with disabilities. Bibliography: .

Only Once In A Lifetime Will A New Invention Come About To Touch Every

Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors "clock" ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all have their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif- ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). The 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro- duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im- proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi- croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7- bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 process at are 380 nanoseconds, while the LSI-11/23 is clocked at 300 nanoseconds (Titus, 132). There are some great strengths that lie in the LSI-11 family, some of which are the efficient way at which the microprocessor processes and the ability to run minicomputer software which leads to great hardware support (Avtar, 179). Although there are many strengths to the Only Once In A Lifetime Will A New Invention Come About To Touch Every Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the U.S. and one out of every two households. This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has it changed the American society. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of people's lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer's ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago. It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to "programming" rules that the user must memorize, all ordina ry arithmetic operations can be performed. The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal's father who was a tax collector. In the early 1800's, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine. It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by--and stored data on--cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punchcards. His inventions were failures for the most part because of the lack of precision machining techniques used at the time and the lack of demand for such a device. After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest. Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U.S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human intervention. Since the population of the U.S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool in tabulating the totals. These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines (IBM), Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations. By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, a nd memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the world's business computing and a good portion of the computing work in science. By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts. Aiken's machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations. Also, it had special built-in programs to handle logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by cardpunch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention. The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military. New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for "Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator". It could multiply two Only Once In A Lifetime Will A New Invention Come About To Touch Every Only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such a device that changes the way we work, live, and play is a special one, indeed. The Microprocessor has been around since 1971 years, but in the last few years it has changed the American calculators to video games and computers (Givone 1). Many microprocessors have been manufactured for all sorts of products; some have succeeded and some have not. This paper will discuss the evolution and history of the most prominent 16 and 32 bit microprocessors in the microcomputer and how they are similar to and different from each other. Because microprocessors are a subject that most people cannot relate to and do not know much about, this paragraph will introduce some of the terms that will be in- volved in the subsequent paragraphs. Throughout the paper the 16-bit and 32-bit mi- croprocessors are compared and contrasted. The number 16 in the 16-bit microproces- sor refers how many registers there are or how much storage is available for the mi- croprocessor (Aumiaux, 3). The microprocessor has a memory address such as A16, and at this address the specific commands to the microprocessor are stored in the memory of the computer (Aumiaux, 3). So with the 16-bit microprocessor there are 576 places to store data. With the 32-bit microprocessor there are twice as many places to store data making the microprocessor faster. Another common term which is mentioned frequently in the paper is the oscil- lator or the time at which the processors ?clock? ticks. The oscillator is the pace maker for the microprocessor which tells what frequency the microprocessor can proc- ess information, this value is measured in Mega-hertz or MHz. A nanosecond is a measurement of time in a processor, or a billionth of a second. This is used to measure the time it takes for the computer to execute an instructions, other wise knows as a cy- cle. There are many different types of companies of which all hav e their own family of processors. Since the individual processors in the families were developed over a fairly long period of time, it is hard to distinguish which processors were introduced in order. This paper will mention the families of processors in no particular order. The first microprocessor that will be discussed is the family of microprocessors called the 9900 series manufactured by Texas Instruments during the mid-70s and was developed from the architecture of the 900 minicomputer series (Titus, 178). There were five dif- ferent actual microprocessors that were designed in this family, they were the TMS9900, TMS9980A, TMS9981, TMS9985, and the TMS9940. The TMS9900 was the first of these microprocessors so the next four of the microprocessors where simply variations of the TMS9900 (Titus, 178). The 9900 series microprocessors runs with 64K memory and besides the fact that the 9900 is a 16-bit microprocessor, only 15 of the address memory circuits are in use (Titus, 179). T he 16th address is used for the computer to distinguish between word and data functions (Titus, 179. The 9900 series microprocessors runs from 300 nanoseconds to 500 ns from 2MHz to 3.3MHz and even some variations of the original microprocessor where made to go up to 4MHz (Avtar, 115). The next microprocessor that will be discussed is the LSI-11 which was pro- duced from the structural plans of the PDP-11 minicomputer family. There are three microprocessors in the LSI-11 family they are the LSI-11, LSI-11/2, and the much im- proved over the others is the LSI-11/32 (Titus, 131). The big difference between the LSI-11 family of microprocessors and other similar microprocessors of its kind is they have the instruction codes of a microcomputer but since the LSI-11 microprocessor originated from the PDP-11 family it is a multi-microprocessor (Avtar, 207). The fact that the LSI-11 microprocessor is a multi-microprocessor means that many other mi- croprocessors are used in conjunction with the LSI-11 to function properly (Avtar, 207). The LSI-11 microprocessor has a direct processing speed of 16-bit word and 7- bit data, however the improved LSI-11/22 can directly process 64-bit data (Titus, 131). The average time that the LSI-11 and LSI-11/2 process at are